Research
Macro partitioning
High intake of trans fatty acids from partially hydrogenated vegetable oils increases the risk of coronary heart disease and should be eliminated.
Avoid foods with 'partially hydrogenated oils' on the ingredient list, as these contain industrial trans fats which increase heart disease risk. You do not need to avoid small amounts of trans fats naturally found in meat and dairy, as these do not appear to increase risk.
StrongSupportsVERY_HIGH confidence
Trans fatty acids from partially hydrogenated vegetable oils have clear adverse effects and should be eliminated... Positive associations between intake of trans fatty acids and risk of CHD were observed in the Nurses’ Health Study cohort and confirmed in other large prospective studies
Why this rating
Supported by controlled feeding studies, prospective cohort studies, and meta-analyses showing a clear dose-response relationship between trans fat intake and CHD risk.
Source
Dietary fats and coronary heart disease
Walter C. Willett · Journal of Internal Medicine · 2012
DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2012.02553.x
narrative_reviewCited 296×
Read the paper DOI resolved against Crossref · corpus check 2026-06-10
More from this paper
- Replacing trans fatty acids with unsaturated fats significantly reduces the risk of coronary heart disease, whereas replacing saturated fat with carbohydrates provides little to no benefit.Strong
- Replacing saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat reduces the risk of coronary heart disease, whereas replacing saturated fat with carbohydrates does not significantly reduce risk.Strong
Related findings · Macro partitioning
- Total daily protein intake of 1.6 g/kg/day is sufficient for maximizing resistance training-induced muscle gains, with an upper confidence interval of 2.2 g/kg/day.Strong
- Resistance exercise training combined with sufficient dietary protein intake acts synergistically to maximize skeletal muscle hypertrophy, with protein intake saturating around 1.6 g/kg/day for general populations and potentially requiring 2.0-2.2 g/kg/day for resistance-trained individuals.Strong
- Trans fats should be completely eliminated from the diet, as they increase LDL cholesterol, decrease HDL cholesterol, and are directly associated with increased coronary risk.Strong
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