Hormonal
DPP-4 inhibitors, specifically sitagliptin, are significantly associated with an increased risk of biliary disorders, including gallbladder-related diseases and biliary malignant tumors.
If you are taking a DPP-4 inhibitor (like sitagliptin), be aware of symptoms like right-sided abdominal pain, nausea, or fever, which could indicate gallbladder issues. Discuss these risks with your doctor, especially if you have been on the medication for a long time.
DPP-4 inhibitors showed a significant association with biliary disorders (ROR, 3.09; 95% CI, 2.83–3.37), particularly sitagliptin (ROR, 3.46; 95% CI, 3.13–3.83)... Alogliptin, sitagliptin, and linagliptin were linked to 'biliary malignant tumors' with statistical significance.
Why this rating
Based on pharmacovigilance data (FAERS), which indicates statistical signals but is prone to reporting bias and lacks controlled dosing data.
Source
Association between GLP-1 RAs and DPP-4 inhibitors with biliary disorders: pharmacovigilance analysis
Long He et al. · Frontiers in Pharmacology · 2025
DOI 10.3389/fphar.2025.1509561
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