Hormonal
In type 2 diabetes, worsening chronic glycaemic control (higher HbA1c) shifts endogenous GIP action from insulinotropic to glucagonotropic, strengthening the correlation between GIP and glucagon secretion while weakening its correlation with insulin.
For people with Type 2 Diabetes, the effectiveness of the body's natural GIP response depends heavily on how well blood sugar is controlled. If HbA1c is high, GIP may contribute to higher glucagon (raising blood sugar) rather than helping insulin. This suggests that managing baseline blood sugar is crucial for optimizing natural hormonal responses.
These observations indicate a glycaemia-dependent shift in endogenous GIP action in T2D, characterised by attenuation of insulinotropic effects and relative amplification of glucagonotropic effects with deteriorating glycaemic control.
Why this rating
Observational analysis of existing clinical trial data; correlations are strong but causality is explicitly limited by the study design.
Source
Chronic Glycaemic Control Modulates the Relationship Between <scp>GIP</scp> and Glucagon Secretion Following Oral and Enteral Nutrients in Type 2 Diabetes
Zhenxi Wang et al. · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · 2026
DOI 10.1111/dom.70735
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