Adherence
Smoking is a significant risk factor that increases the risk of incident symptomatic peripheral arterial disease in individuals with diabetes mellitus.
If you smoke, quitting is critical for preventing peripheral arterial disease, especially if you have diabetes. This study shows that smokers have nearly twice the risk of developing PAD compared to non-smokers. Stopping smoking is the most impactful lifestyle change you can make to protect your circulation.
In Cox multivariable regression analysis, smoking (hazard ratio of 1.96, 95% confidence interval of 1.28–3.00) was associated with increased risk of PAD.
Why this rating
Strong statistical significance, large effect size (HR 1.96), and validated diagnosis in a long-term prospective cohort.
Source
The association between dietary intake, lifestyle and incident symptomatic peripheral arterial disease among individuals with diabetes mellitus: insights from the Malmö Diet and Cancer study
Erika Lilja et al. · Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism · 2019
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