Research
Adherence
Using caffeine supplements is associated with a significantly higher risk of using non-third-party tested supplements compared to other supplement types.
If you use caffeine supplements, you are at the highest risk of using untested products. Be extra vigilant: look for third-party testing logos (NSF, Informed Choice) on caffeine products, especially pre-workouts, as they are frequently adulterated.
GoodSupportsHIGH confidence
The strongest impact of a variable influencing the algorithm came from the use of caffeine... associated with the larger part of the athletes not being consistent TPT users.
Why this rating
Highly statistically significant (p<0.0001) in the training dataset.
Source
Development of a screener to assess athlete risk behavior of not using third-party tested nutritional supplements
Floris C. Wardenaar et al. · Frontiers in Nutrition · 2024
DOI 10.3389/fnut.2024.1381731
cross_sectional · n=410Cited 6×
Read the paper DOI resolved against Crossref · corpus check 2026-06-10
More from this paper
- Athletes who purchase nutritional supplements outside of their athletic department's provided inventory are at significantly higher risk of using non-third-party tested (TPT) supplements compared to those who rely on department-provided products.Good
- Consulting with a sports Registered Dietitian (RD) regarding supplement choices is associated with a lower risk of using non-third-party tested supplements.Good
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This is one finding among thousands. Every one is graded and traced to its source, so you can see what the evidence actually supports. Browse the research →