Research
Adherence
Using caffeine supplements is associated with a significantly higher risk of using non-third-party tested supplements compared to other supplement types.
If you use caffeine supplements, you are at the highest risk of using untested products. Be extra vigilant: look for third-party testing logos (NSF, Informed Choice) on caffeine products, especially pre-workouts, as they are frequently adulterated.
GoodSupportsHIGH confidence
The strongest impact of a variable influencing the algorithm came from the use of caffeine... associated with the larger part of the athletes not being consistent TPT users.
Why this rating
Highly statistically significant (p<0.0001) in the training dataset.
Source
Development of a screener to assess athlete risk behavior of not using third-party tested nutritional supplements
Floris C. Wardenaar et al. · Frontiers in Nutrition · 2024
cross_sectional · n=410Cited 6×
Read the paper This is one finding among thousands. Every one is graded and traced to its source, so you can see what the evidence actually supports. Browse the research →