Hormonal
Obesity-induced inflammation involves a shift in adipose tissue macrophages from an anti-inflammatory M2 state to a pro-inflammatory M1 state, which secretes cytokines like TNF-α that block insulin signaling.
In obese individuals, fat tissue isn't just storage; it becomes an active immune organ. Fat cells attract immune cells that switch to a 'pro-inflammatory' mode (M1 macrophages), releasing chemicals like TNF-α that block insulin from working properly. Reducing this specific type of immune activation in fat tissue is key to improving metabolic health.
Macrophages undergo dramatic changes during obesity, with an increase in the overall number of macrophages that is largely due to the recruitment of M1-polarized macrophages, which display a more proinflammatory phenotype and secrete cytokines such as TNF-α.
Why this rating
Supported by numerous studies cited in the review, including genetic and pharmacological evidence.
Source
Inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity and metabolic disease
Alan R. Saltiel et al. · Journal of Clinical Investigation · 2017
DOI 10.1172/jci92035
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