Research
Hormonal
Combined estrogen plus progestin hormone therapy does not prevent coronary heart disease and increases the risk of CHD, particularly during the first year of use.
Do not use estrogen plus progestin to prevent heart disease. For postmenopausal women with an intact uterus, this combination increases the risk of coronary heart disease, especially in the first year of use. It should not be prescribed for cardiovascular prevention.
StrongRefutesHIGH confidence
Estrogen plus progestin does not confer cardiac protection and may increase the risk of CHD among generally healthy postmenopausal women, especially during the first year after the initiation of hormone use.
Why this rating
Large-scale, double-blind, randomized controlled trial (n=16,608) with centrally adjudicated endpoints.
Source
Estrogen plus Progestin and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease
JoAnn E. Manson et al. · New England Journal of Medicine · 2003
DOI 10.1056/nejmoa030808
rct · n=16608Cited 2,063×
Read the paper DOI resolved against Crossref · corpus check 2026-06-10
Related findings · Hormonal
- Initial treatment for type 2 diabetes should be a combination of metformin and either an SGLT-2 inhibitor or a GLP-1 receptor agonist to achieve cardiorenal protection, rather than monotherapy or older agents like sulfonylureas.Strong
- For patients with specific monogenic obesity syndromes (leptin deficiency, POMC/PCSK1/LEPR mutations), targeted pharmacotherapy (recombinant leptin or setmelanotide) is highly effective and should be prioritized, unlike in polygenic obesity.Strong
- Continued weekly administration of 2.4 mg subcutaneous semaglutide prevents weight regain and promotes further weight loss in adults with overweight or obesity, whereas switching to placebo results in significant weight regain.Strong
This is one finding among thousands. Every one is graded and traced to its source, so you can see what the evidence actually supports. Browse the research →