Hormonal
Dysfunctional adipocytes in T2DM produce excessive insulin-resistant and inflammatory cytokines (e.g., resistin, TNF-alpha, IL-6, PAI-1) and secrete reduced amounts of insulin-sensitizing adipocytokines (e.g., adiponectin).
Fat tissue acts as an endocrine organ. In Type 2 Diabetes, fat cells become 'dysfunctional,' releasing too many inflammatory signals (like TNF-alpha and IL-6) that worsen insulin resistance, while releasing too few protective signals (like adiponectin) that help insulin work. This imbalance contributes to the progression of the disease.
Dysfunctional fat cells produce excessive amounts of insulin resistance-inducing, inflammatory, and atherosclerotic-provoking cytokines and fail to secrete normal amounts of insulin-sensitizing adipocytokines.
Why this rating
The paper reviews multiple studies linking these cytokines to insulin resistance and inflammation.
Source
Role of the Adipocyte, Free Fatty Acids, and Ectopic Fat in Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Peroxisomal Proliferator-Activated Receptor Agonists Provide a Rational Therapeutic Approach
Harold Bays et al. · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · 2004
DOI 10.1210/jc.2003-030723
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