Research

Hormonal

Performance-enhancing drug (PED) use, particularly anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), is associated with a wide variety of severe adverse health effects including cardiovascular, psychiatric, metabolic, endocrine, neurologic, infectious, hepatic, renal, and musculoskeletal disorders, as well as an increased risk of death.

If you are using performance-enhancing drugs, especially anabolic steroids, you are at significant risk for serious health problems including heart disease, liver damage, hormonal imbalances, and even death. The doses used are far higher than what the body naturally produces, and combining them with other drugs increases these risks. This is not just an issue for athletes; it affects a large number of non-athletes as well. Seek medical advice if you are using these substances.

ModerateSupportsHIGH confidence
PED use has been linked to an increased risk of death and a wide variety of cardiovascular, psychiatric, metabolic, endocrine, neurologic, infectious, hepatic, renal, and musculoskeletal disorders.
Harrison G. Pope et al. · Endocrine Reviews · 2013

Why this rating

The paper explicitly states that evidence comes from observational studies, case reports, and animal models due to ethical constraints on randomized trials, meaning it is not high-quality RCT data.

Source

Adverse Health Consequences of Performance-Enhancing Drugs: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement

Harrison G. Pope et al. · Endocrine Reviews · 2013

DOI 10.1210/er.2013-1058

narrative_reviewCited 634×
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DOI resolved against Crossref · corpus check 2026-06-10

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