Research
Hormonal
The increased risk of cardiovascular events associated with testosterone therapy is significantly higher in trials not funded by the pharmaceutical industry compared to those that are.
Be cautious about the source of information regarding testosterone safety. Independent studies suggest a higher risk of heart-related events than industry-sponsored studies. If you are taking testosterone, ensure your doctor is monitoring your cardiovascular health closely, especially if you have other risk factors.
GoodQualifiesHIGH confidence
In trials not funded by the pharmaceutical industry the risk of a cardiovascular-related event on testosterone therapy was greater (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.34 to 3.17) than in pharmaceutical industry funded trials (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.50 to 1.60).
Why this rating
Based on meta-regression of the same high-quality RCTs.
Source
Testosterone therapy and cardiovascular events among men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized trials
Lin Xu et al. · BMC Medicine · 2013
DOI 10.1186/1741-7015-11-108
Meta-analysis · 27 studiesCited 554×
Read the paper DOI resolved against Crossref · corpus check 2026-06-10
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