Research

Hormonal

Reducing meal frequency to 1-2 meals per day with a prolonged overnight fast (Time-Restricted Feeding) improves metabolic health, reduces inflammation, and lowers disease risk compared to higher meal frequencies (≥6 meals/day).

Try eating your meals within a 6-8 hour window each day, aiming for 1-2 main meals. Prioritize eating your largest meal earlier in the day (breakfast/lunch) and avoid late-night eating. This approach may reduce inflammation and improve metabolic health more effectively than eating 5-6 small meals, without needing to count calories.

ModerateSupportsMEDIUM confidence
A regular meal pattern including breakfast consumption, consuming a higher proportion of energy early in the day, reduced meal frequency (i.e., 2–3 meals/day), and regular fasting periods may provide physiological benefits such as reduced inflammation, improved circadian rhythmicity, increased autophagy and stress resistance, and modulation of the gut microbiota
Antonio Paoli et al. · Nutrients · 2019

Why this rating

The paper is a review citing conflicting epidemiological data and some intervention studies, but notes 'conflicting results' in experimental trials.

Source

The Influence of Meal Frequency and Timing on Health in Humans: The Role of Fasting

Antonio Paoli et al. · Nutrients · 2019

DOI 10.3390/nu11040719

narrative_reviewCited 369×
Read the paper
DOI resolved against Crossref · corpus check 2026-06-10

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