Research
Macro partitioning
Macrophage polarization towards the M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype is driven by glycolysis and the accumulation of TCA cycle intermediates (succinate, itaconate), which promotes the production of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β) and contributes to metabolic disease.
Chronic low-grade inflammation, driven by immune cells like macrophages, is a key factor in metabolic disease. Supporting a healthy gut microbiome helps prevent the metabolic reprogramming of immune cells that leads to this inflammation.
GoodSupportsHIGH confidence
The classical activation pathway or reprogramming pathway in M1 macrophages promotes the accumulation of citrate and high production of NO, ROS, cytokines, and prostaglandins... Itaconate is one important metabolite formed in the second flux deviation... during macrophage transition from inactive to proinflammatory state... Itaconate acts as an endogenous succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor and that such inhibition causes the accumulation of succinate... Macrophages respond to activation of HIF-1α via ROS and increasing the expression of IL-1β.
Why this rating
Review of seminal studies (Newsholme, Tannahill) establishing the immunometabolic link.
Source
Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis and Immunometabolism: New Frontiers for Treatment of Metabolic Diseases
José Ernesto Belizário et al. · Mediators of Inflammation · 2018
DOI 10.1155/2018/2037838
narrative_reviewCited 349×
Read the paper DOI resolved against Crossref · corpus check 2026-06-10
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