Research
Adherence
There is no clear evidence that portion, package, or tableware size affects the selection or consumption of alcohol or tobacco products.
Changing the size of alcohol or tobacco packages is unlikely to have a significant impact on consumption based on current evidence.
WeakRefutesVERY_LOW confidence
No included studies manipulated alcohol products. ... A meta-analysis of six independent comparisons from three studies (108 participants) found low quality evidence for no difference in the effect of cigarette length on consumption (SMD 0.25, 95% CI -0.14 to 0.65).
Why this rating
No evidence for alcohol; low quality evidence for tobacco.
Source
Portion, package or tableware size for changing selection and consumption of food, alcohol and tobacco
Gareth J Hollands et al. · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · 2015
DOI 10.1002/14651858.cd011045.pub2
Meta-analysis · 72 studiesCited 329×
Read the paper DOI resolved against Crossref · corpus check 2026-06-10
More from this paper
- Exposure to larger-sized portions, packages, or tableware consistently increases the quantity of food and non-alcoholic beverages selected and consumed by both adults and children.Moderate
- Reducing exposure to larger-sized food portions, packages, and tableware could reduce average daily energy intake by 144-228 kcal (8.5-13.5%) in UK children and adults if sustained across the whole diet.Moderate
- Exposure to shorter, wider bottles or glasses (vs. taller, narrower) increases the quantity of non-alcoholic beverages selected and consumed.Weak
Related findings · Adherence
- Regular physical activity (at least 150 minutes/week of moderate-intensity) reduces all-cause and cardiovascular mortality by 20-30% and lowers the risk of type 2 diabetes by 25-35%.Strong
- Increasing physical activity from a sedentary lifestyle to an active one in middle adulthood significantly reduces the risk of coronary events compared to remaining sedentary.Strong
- Resistance exercise is the only intervention capable of consistently restoring muscle function and strength in sarcopenia, partially overcoming age-related anabolic resistance.Strong
This is one finding among thousands. Every one is graded and traced to its source, so you can see what the evidence actually supports. Browse the research →