Research
Adherence
Current and former tobacco smoking is associated with significantly increased odds of developing incident chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Do not smoke, and if you do, quit. Both current and former smoking are associated with an increased risk of developing kidney disease. Public health messages should support smoking cessation to prevent CKD.
ModerateRefutesVERY_LOW confidence
Current and former smokers had significantly increased odds of CKD compared with never smokers (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.10 to 1.27)
Why this rating
Evidence quality is rated 'Very Low' due to high heterogeneity (I2=81%) and observational design.
Source
Modifiable Lifestyle Factors for Primary Prevention of CKD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Jaimon T. Kelly et al. · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · 2020
DOI 10.1681/asn.2020030384
Meta-analysis · 104 studiesCited 314×
Read the paper DOI resolved against Crossref · corpus check 2026-06-10
More from this paper
- Higher dietary intake of vegetables and potassium is associated with a significantly decreased odds of developing incident chronic kidney disease (CKD).Moderate
- Higher sodium (salt) intake is associated with significantly increased odds of developing incident chronic kidney disease (CKD).Moderate
- Higher levels of physical activity are associated with lower odds of developing incident chronic kidney disease (CKD).Moderate
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