Research
Hormonal
Sleep deprivation causes a muted immune response to vaccination, specifically demonstrated by a reduced immune response to flu vaccination.
Ensure adequate sleep when receiving vaccinations, as sleep deprivation may reduce the effectiveness of the immune response.
ModerateSupportsMEDIUM confidence
In a seminal study published in 2002, Spiegel et al. demonstrated an association between sleep deprivation and a muted immune response to flu vaccination.
Why this rating
Based on a single seminal study (Spiegel et al., 2002) cited in a review.
Source
The future of sleep health: a data-driven revolution in sleep science and medicine
Ignacio Perez-Pozuelo et al. · npj Digital Medicine · 2020
DOI 10.1038/s41746-020-0244-4
narrative_reviewCited 306×
Read the paper DOI resolved against Crossref · corpus check 2026-06-10
Related findings · Hormonal
- Initial treatment for type 2 diabetes should be a combination of metformin and either an SGLT-2 inhibitor or a GLP-1 receptor agonist to achieve cardiorenal protection, rather than monotherapy or older agents like sulfonylureas.Strong
- For patients with specific monogenic obesity syndromes (leptin deficiency, POMC/PCSK1/LEPR mutations), targeted pharmacotherapy (recombinant leptin or setmelanotide) is highly effective and should be prioritized, unlike in polygenic obesity.Strong
- Continued weekly administration of 2.4 mg subcutaneous semaglutide prevents weight regain and promotes further weight loss in adults with overweight or obesity, whereas switching to placebo results in significant weight regain.Strong
This is one finding among thousands. Every one is graded and traced to its source, so you can see what the evidence actually supports. Browse the research →