Research
Hormonal
Ingestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids stimulates enteroendocrine cells (EECs) to secrete gut hormones (GLP-1, GIP, CCK, PYY) via specific nutrient-sensing receptors and transporters, which modulates glucose homeostasis, appetite, and gastrointestinal motility.
Your gut naturally releases hormones like GLP-1 and PYY when you eat, which help regulate blood sugar and make you feel full. Eating a balanced diet with carbohydrates, proteins, and fats triggers this system. Artificial sweeteners do not trigger this response as effectively as real food.
GoodSupportsHIGH confidence
The enteroendocrine system is the primary sensor of ingested food and is responsible for secreting an array of gut hormones, which act in concert to modulate multiple physiological responses including gastrointestinal motility and secretion, glucose homeostasis, and appetite.
Why this rating
The paper is a comprehensive review citing numerous in vitro, animal, and human studies, providing strong mechanistic evidence.
Source
Gut chemosensing mechanisms
Arianna Psichas et al. · Journal of Clinical Investigation · 2015
DOI 10.1172/jci76309
narrative_reviewCited 237×
Read the paper DOI resolved against Crossref · corpus check 2026-06-10
More from this paper
- SGLT1-mediated glucose uptake is the primary mechanism for early glucose-stimulated GLP-1 and GIP secretion, whereas metabolism-dependent pathways play a lesser role in peak early secretion.Good
- Bariatric surgery (specifically gastric bypass) leads to elevated levels of GLP-1 and PYY, which are linked to enhanced delivery of nutrients to the distal intestine and underlie beneficial outcomes on weight loss and glycemia.Good
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