Research
Hormonal
Peripheral hormones (leptin, insulin, ghrelin, PYY, GLP-1, CCK) regulate appetite and energy balance by acting on the hypothalamus and brainstem, with resistance to these hormones contributing to obesity.
Understand that hormones like leptin and insulin play a crucial role in hunger and satiety. In obesity, these hormones may become resistant, making it harder to regulate appetite. Medical treatments targeting these hormones (like GLP-1 agonists) may be effective.
GoodSupportsHIGH confidence
Many peripheral hormones participate in central nervous system (CNS) control of appetite and food intake... Leptin concentration in the blood is elevated in obesity, promoting a leptin resistance that renders the elevated leptin futile in curbing appetite and obesity.
Why this rating
Supported by multiple studies on hormone levels and resistance.
Source
Obesity: Pathophysiology and Intervention
Yi Zhang et al. · Nutrients · 2014
DOI 10.3390/nu6115153
narrative_reviewCited 186×
Read the paper DOI resolved against Crossref · corpus check 2026-06-10
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