Research
Mixed
Aquatic plyometric training produces maximum force and muscle power equivalent to dry land training while significantly reducing vertical impact forces and joint loading.
If you need to maintain explosive power (jumps, sprints) but have joint pain or are recovering from injury, perform plyometrics in chest-to-waist deep water. You will get the same strength and power benefits as land training, but with significantly less impact on your joints.
GoodSupportsHIGH confidence
studies that have compared plyometric training in the aquatic medium (at water depth of chest, waist and knee) with that performed on dry land reported no differences in terms of maximum force or muscle power achieved, nor in the speed or height of jumps... Moreover, studies that have compared plyometric training in the aquatic medium... reported no differences in terms of maximum force or muscle power achieved... These results support the use of aquatic plyometrics, as it can represent a progression before reintroducing full-effort land-based plyometrics (allowing to re-establish appropriate movement patterns in a non-impact medium), and lead to improved performance while reducing both musculoskeletal stress and perceived post-exercise discomfort.
Why this rating
Cites multiple comparative studies (Donoghue, Martel, Robinson, Stemm) showing equivalence, though specific sample sizes aren't detailed in the text.
Source
The Properties of Water and their Applications for Training
Lorena Torres-Ronda et al. · Journal of Human Kinetics · 2014
DOI 10.2478/hukin-2014-0129
narrative_reviewCited 178×
Read the paper DOI resolved against Crossref · corpus check 2026-06-10
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