Adherence
Low household income is independently associated with higher BMI, body fat, and obesity odds, with a dose-response relationship observed across income levels.
If you have a lower income, your risk of obesity is higher, even if you live in an area with few fast-food outlets. This is likely because budget constraints lead to cheaper, energy-dense food choices. To counter this, prioritize affordable, nutrient-dense foods like beans, lentils, and seasonal vegetables.
Greater BMI, percentage body fat, odds of obesity, and frequent processed meat consumption, were each systematically associated with lower household income... those with lowest incomes were 0.68 kg/m2 heavier... had 0.83% higher body fat, had 1.54 (95% CI: 1.41, 1.69) greater odds of being obese... compared to those with highest incomes.
Why this rating
Large sample size, rigorous adjustment, but cross-sectional design limits causal inference.
Source
Examining the interaction of fast-food outlet exposure and income on diet and obesity: evidence from 51,361 UK Biobank participants
Thomas Burgoine et al. · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · 2018
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