Hormonal
GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) improve skeletal muscle mitochondrial morphology, area, and number in animal models of obesity and type 2 diabetes, but their effect on mitochondrial respiration and mass is inconsistent or neutral.
Current evidence for GLP-1 RAs improving muscle mitochondria comes exclusively from animal and cell studies, not humans. While these studies show improved mitochondrial structure, they do not guarantee preserved muscle mass in people. To protect muscle while using GLP-1s for weight loss, prioritize resistance training and adequate protein intake, as the drug's direct benefit to human muscle mitochondria is not yet proven.
The emerging evidence suggests that GLP-1 RAs increase mitochondrial area, number and morphology (i.e., reduces swelling). Data are conflicting on the effect of GLP-1 RAs upon mitochondrial mass, respiration and the expression of uncoupling proteins and PGC-1α.
Why this rating
The review includes only preclinical (animal/in vitro) studies, with no human data, and high risk of bias in included trials.
Source
The Effects of Glucagon‐Like Peptide‐1 Receptor Agonists on Mitochondrial Function Within Skeletal Muscle: A Systematic Review
Victoria J. Old et al. · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · 2025
DOI 10.1002/jcsm.13677
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