Hormonal

Dietary macronutrient composition (low-carbohydrate vs. low-fat) does not explain differences in ad libitum energy intake because the resulting changes in gut-derived appetite hormones (GLP-1, GIP, PYY, ghrelin) are insufficient to override other dietary factors like energy density and hyper-palatability.

Don't rely on low-carb or low-fat diets to magically regulate your hunger through hormones. This study shows that even when hormones change significantly, they don't dictate how much you eat if other factors like energy density and taste are present. Focus on the physical properties of food (volume, density) rather than just the macronutrient ratio for short-term intake control.