Energy balance
Long-term adherence to low-carbohydrate diets, regardless of carbohydrate quality, is associated with a greater annual increase in waist circumference compared to higher-carbohydrate diets.
Be aware that long-term low-carbohydrate diets may be associated with increased waist circumference, even if other cardiometabolic markers improve. Monitor your waist circumference and consider adjusting your diet if you notice an increase.
Waist circumference annual gains (cm/y) increased across quintiles (mean for Quintile 1, Quintile 5; P-trend) for HQ-LCDS (0.58, 0.69; 0.004), and LQ-LCDS (0.56, 0.74; <0.001).
Why this rating
Longitudinal prospective cohort study with a large sample size and long follow-up, though observational design limits causal inference.
Source
Impact of carbohydrate quality on the association between low-carbohydrate diet scores and longitudinal changes of cardiometabolic risk factors
Ghaida F Aloraini et al. · Nutrition Journal · 2025
DOI 10.1186/s12937-025-01194-6
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