Research
Hormonal
Resistance training-like electrical stimulation selectively activates the PKB-TSC2-mTOR signaling cascade, leading to prolonged activation of translational regulators and increased muscle protein synthesis, resulting in hypertrophy.
To build muscle mass, focus on high-intensity resistance training. This activates specific cellular pathways (mTOR) that drive protein synthesis and muscle growth.
GoodSupportsHIGH confidence
HFS selectively activates the PKB-TSC2-mTOR cascade causing a prolonged activation of translational regulators, which is consistent with increased protein synthesis and muscle growth.
Why this rating
Controlled in vitro/ex vivo rat muscle study with clear mechanistic endpoints.
Source
Selective activation of AMPK‐PGC‐1α or PKB‐TSC2‐mTOR signaling can explain specific adaptive responses to endurance or resistance training‐like electrical muscle stimulation
Philip J. Atherton et al. · The FASEB Journal · 2005
DOI 10.1096/fj.04-2179fje
mechanism_onlyCited 477×
Read the paper DOI resolved against Crossref · corpus check 2026-06-10
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