Mixed

The presence of cardiometabolic risk factor clusters (CMRFCs)—defined as BMI ≥ 25 plus two of diabetes, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia—results in significant direct medical expenditures independent of cardiovascular disease, totaling approximately $80 billion annually in the U.S.

If you have obesity plus two other metabolic risks (high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or diabetes), your healthcare costs are significantly higher than those with just one risk factor, even if you haven't had a heart attack. This cluster costs the U.S. economy roughly $80 billion a year, largely driven by prescription drugs. Early management of these clusters is critical to preventing the even higher costs of overt cardiovascular disease.