Research

Energy balance

Female powerlifters are more likely than males to restrict energy intake and diet for body composition reasons during competition preparation and competition phases.

Female powerlifters should be aware that they are statistically more likely to restrict energy for body composition. Ensure that caloric restriction does not lead to Low Energy Availability (LEA), which can impair reproductive and skeletal health. Monitor energy intake relative to fat-free mass (aiming for >30-45 kcal/kg FFM/day depending on phase).

ModerateQualifiesMEDIUM confidence
Females more often reported than males (p = 0.002; φc = 0.181)... reported following an IIFYM/flexible diet. Females more often reported a restricted energy (p = 0.042; φc = 0.116) and a high protein, low CHO (p = 0.001; φc = 0.186) diet than males.
Andrew King et al. · European Journal of Nutrition · 2023

Why this rating

Self-reported survey data; statistical significance is strong (p<0.05) but causality and health outcomes are not measured.

Source

The general nutrition practices of competitive powerlifters vary by competitive calibre and sex, weight, and age class

Andrew King et al. · European Journal of Nutrition · 2023

DOI 10.1007/s00394-023-03233-6

cross_sectional · n=305Cited 7×
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DOI resolved against Crossref · corpus check 2026-06-10

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