Research

Micronutrients & recovery

Vitamin D insufficiency is prevalent in European populations, particularly in winter and among the elderly, with levels often falling below the threshold for optimal bone and muscle health.

If you live in Europe, especially in winter or if you are elderly, your Vitamin D levels are likely insufficient. This is common due to limited sun exposure and skin synthesis capacity. Consider monitoring levels and supplementing, as standard dietary intake is often insufficient.

GoodSupportsHIGH confidence
European children and young adults often have circulating 25(OH)D levels in the insufficiency range during wintertime. Elderly subjects have mean 25(OH)D levels in the insufficiency range throughout the year. In institutionalized subjects 25(OH)D levels are often in the deficiency range.
Armin Zittermann · British Journal Of Nutrition · 2003

Why this rating

Supported by multiple cross-sectional studies cited in Table 2.

Source

Vitamin D in preventive medicine: are we ignoring the evidence?

Armin Zittermann · British Journal Of Nutrition · 2003

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