Research
Hormonal
Females, particularly premenopausal women, exhibit a greater relative increase in serum CK and potentially greater muscle disruption in response to eccentric exercise compared to males.
Women may experience greater muscle disruption from eccentric exercises than men, indicated by higher CK peaks. Adjust recovery strategies for women to account for potentially slower recovery from high-intensity eccentric work.
ModerateSupportsMEDIUM confidence
Females presented with a higher CK peak and a greater relative increase in serum CK levels after 50 maximal eccentric contractions of the arm flexor muscles, despite significantly lower baseline levels compared to males.
Why this rating
Mixed findings in literature, but specific studies cited support the claim.
Source
Creatine-Kinase- and Exercise-Related Muscle Damage Implications for Muscle Performance and Recovery
Marianne Baird et al. · Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · 2012
DOI 10.1155/2012/960363
narrative_reviewCited 734×
Read the paper DOI resolved against Crossref · corpus check 2026-06-10
More from this paper
- High-intensity exercise causes greater muscle disruption and performance decrements than low-intensity exercise, even when total work volume is equalized.Good
- Elevated serum creatine kinase (CK) following exercise is primarily a marker of cellular energy regulation and membrane permeability changes driven by AMPK, rather than a direct indicator of structural muscle damage or necrosis.Moderate
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