Research
Micronutrients & recovery
Vegan diets result in significantly lower intakes of Vitamin B12, Vitamin D, Calcium, and Zinc compared to meat-eaters, often falling below Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNI).
If you follow a vegan diet, you must monitor your intake of Vitamin B12, Vitamin D, Calcium, and Zinc, as these are significantly lower than in meat-eaters and often fall below recommended levels. Supplementation or fortified foods are likely necessary.
GoodQualifiesHIGH confidence
Vegans had the highest intakes of fibre, vitamin B1, folate, vitamin C, vitamin E, magnesium and iron, and the lowest intakes of retinol, vitamin B12, vitamin D, calcium and zinc.
Why this rating
Large cohort data clearly identifies the gaps, though actual intake may be higher due to fortified foods not fully captured.
Source
EPIC–Oxford:lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK
Gwyneth K. Davey et al. · Public Health Nutrition · 2003
cohort · n=65429Cited 582×
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