Mixed

For adults with non-specific chronic low back pain, Pilates, resistance, stabilisation/motor control, and aerobic exercise training are the most effective treatments for reducing pain and improving physical function compared to no intervention.

If you have chronic low back pain without a specific structural cause, active exercise is superior to passive treatments like massage or heat. Specifically, Pilates, resistance training, stabilisation exercises, or aerobic activity are the most effective options. Aim for at least 4 weeks of consistent practice (1-7 times per week). Avoid relying solely on stretching or McKenzie exercises if you are not seeing results, as evidence suggests they may not differ from no treatment for pain or function.