Hormonal
Elevated plasma levels of Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) are associated with an increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events, atherosclerosis, and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease.
If you have Chronic Kidney Disease, high TMAO levels are a strong predictor of heart problems and death. While you should still eat a balanced diet, be aware that high intake of choline (eggs, red meat) and carnitine (red meat) can lead to TMAO production by gut bacteria, potentially increasing cardiovascular risk. Discuss dietary precursors with your nephrologist.
In humans, a positive correlation between elevated plasma levels of TMAO and an increased risk for major adverse cardiovascular events and death is reported.
Why this rating
Strong observational data in humans and mechanistic data in mice, though causality in humans is contested.
Source
Trimethylamine N-Oxide: The Good, the Bad and the Unknown
Manuel Velasquez et al. · Toxins · 2016
DOI 10.3390/toxins8110326
More from this paper
- Dietary intake of choline and L-carnitine leads to the gut microbial production of Trimethylamine (TMA), which is converted by host liver enzymes (FMO3) into Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO).Strong
- Therapeutic strategies to reduce TMAO levels, including broad-spectrum antibiotics, dietary restriction of precursors, and specific inhibitors like 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol (DMB), can attenuate atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk.Good
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