Mixed

Obesity is associated with elevated circulating succinate levels, which are determined by a specific gut microbiota signature characterized by a higher ratio of succinate-producing bacteria (Prevotellaceae, Veillonellaceae) to succinate-consuming bacteria (Odoribacteraceae, Clostridaceae).

High circulating succinate, linked to obesity and cardiovascular risk, is driven by an imbalance in gut bacteria (too many producers, too few consumers). Weight loss interventions, particularly those involving a Mediterranean diet, can restore this balance by reducing succinate-producing bacteria and increasing succinate-consuming ones, thereby lowering circulating succinate levels.