Mixed
Skipping breakfast is associated with a significantly higher risk of incident coronary heart disease (CHD) in men, independent of diet quality and lifestyle factors.
For men, consistently skipping breakfast is linked to a higher risk of heart disease. While this doesn't mean you must eat immediately upon waking, maintaining a regular breakfast habit appears protective for cardiovascular health, potentially by stabilizing metabolic markers like blood pressure and cholesterol.
Men who skipped breakfast had a 27% higher risk of CHD compared with men who did not (relative risk, 1.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.06–1.53).
Why this rating
Large prospective cohort (n=26,902), long follow-up (16 years), extensive adjustment for confounders, though observational design limits causal inference.
Source
Prospective Study of Breakfast Eating and Incident Coronary Heart Disease in a Cohort of Male US Health Professionals
Leah E. Cahill et al. · Circulation · 2013
DOI 10.1161/circulationaha.113.001474
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