Research
Hormonal
Anorexigenic gut hormones (GLP-1, PYY, CCK, PP, OXM) are released post-prandially in proportion to caloric intake and inhibit appetite via central (ARC) and peripheral (vagal) pathways.
After eating, your gut releases hormones like GLP-1 and PYY to tell your brain you are full. These levels rise with caloric intake. Eating protein-rich meals maximizes PYY release. Respecting these signals aids natural appetite control.
GoodSupportsHIGH confidence
This stimulates the release of gut hormones into the circulation such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), oxyntomodulin, pancreatic polypeptides, peptide tyrosine tyrosine, and cholecystokinin, which inhibit appetite.
Why this rating
Review article summarizing extensive evidence on multiple satiety hormones.
Source
Peptides and Food Intake
Carmen Sobrino Crespo et al. · Frontiers in Endocrinology · 2014
DOI 10.3389/fendo.2014.00058
narrative_reviewCited 247×
Read the paper DOI resolved against Crossref · corpus check 2026-06-10
More from this paper
- Ghrelin is the only known orexigenic peptide hormone, stimulating food intake by activating NPY/AgRP neurons in the arcuate nucleus and inhibiting POMC neurons, with levels inversely correlated with body fat and meal status.Good
- Leptin, secreted by adipose tissue, signals long-term energy stores to the brain, inhibiting NPY/AgRP neurons and activating POMC neurons to reduce food intake, with levels proportional to body fat.Good
Related findings · Hormonal
- Initial treatment for type 2 diabetes should be a combination of metformin and either an SGLT-2 inhibitor or a GLP-1 receptor agonist to achieve cardiorenal protection, rather than monotherapy or older agents like sulfonylureas.Strong
- For patients with specific monogenic obesity syndromes (leptin deficiency, POMC/PCSK1/LEPR mutations), targeted pharmacotherapy (recombinant leptin or setmelanotide) is highly effective and should be prioritized, unlike in polygenic obesity.Strong
- Continued weekly administration of 2.4 mg subcutaneous semaglutide prevents weight regain and promotes further weight loss in adults with overweight or obesity, whereas switching to placebo results in significant weight regain.Strong
This is one finding among thousands. Every one is graded and traced to its source, so you can see what the evidence actually supports. Browse the research →