Research
Hormonal
M2 macrophages sustain insulin sensitivity by secreting IL-4 and IL-10, whereas M1 macrophages induce insulin resistance through proinflammatory cytokines like TNFα.
The type of immune cells in fat tissue matters. M2 macrophages help insulin work, while M1 macrophages hinder it. Maintaining a balance favoring M2 activity may support metabolic health.
StrongSupportsHIGH confidence
M2 macrophages sustain insulin sensitivity by secreting IL-4 and IL-10, while M1 macrophages induce insulin resistance through the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNFα.
Why this rating
Well-established in the reviewed literature.
Source
Recent Advances in Obesity-Induced Inflammation and Insulin Resistance
Sanshiro Tateya et al. · Frontiers in Endocrinology · 2013
DOI 10.3389/fendo.2013.00093
narrative_reviewCited 210×
Read the paper DOI resolved against Crossref · corpus check 2026-06-10
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