Hormonal
Gender-affirming hormone therapy (GHT) with estrogen in transgender females (TGF) is associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), whereas no increased risk of VTE has been demonstrated in transgender males (TGM).
If you are a transgender woman taking estrogen, be aware that your risk of blood clots may be higher than that of cisgender women, especially with oral formulations. Transdermal estrogen may carry a lower risk. Discuss formulation options with your provider.
Although the majority of studies demonstrate an increased risk in TGFs, this finding is not uniform. To our knowledge, no study has demonstrated an increased risk of VTE in TGMs.
Why this rating
The paper cites multiple retrospective and case-control studies showing increased VTE risk in TGFs, but notes the finding is not uniform across all studies.
Source
Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy, Vascular Health and Cardiovascular Disease in Transgender Adults
Paul Connelly et al. · Hypertension · 2019
DOI 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13080
More from this paper
- Gender-affirming hormone therapy (GHT) with estrogen in transgender females (TGF) is associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke compared to cisgender females, whereas testosterone therapy in transgender males (TGM) does not show consistent evidence of increased cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease risk.Moderate
- Gender-affirming hormone therapy (GHT) is associated with alterations in blood pressure, with some studies showing increases in both transgender females and males, while others show decreases or no change depending on the formulation and duration of therapy.Moderate
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