Mixed

Maternal undernutrition (stunting, micronutrient deficiency) directly causes intergenerational dysnutrition, resulting in low birth weight, child stunting, and increased risk of chronic disease in offspring, perpetuating a cycle of poverty and ill-health.

Public health interventions must prioritize women's nutrition before and during pregnancy, not just child feeding programs. Improving maternal education, income, and access to diverse diets is the most effective way to prevent chronic disease in the next generation.