Hormonal
Vigorous exercise training (4 hours/week at ~70% VO2max) does not independently improve insulin sensitivity or glucose disposal in lean, obese, or diabetic men when body weight and composition are strictly maintained.
If you want to improve insulin sensitivity through exercise, you cannot just exercise and eat back all the calories. This study shows that vigorous training (4 hours/week) does NOT improve insulin sensitivity if you maintain your exact weight and body fat. To get the metabolic benefit, you must create an energy deficit (lose weight/fat). Exercise alone, without weight loss, is metabolically neutral for insulin sensitivity in this population.
exercise training per se leading to increased cardiorespiratory fitness had no independent impact on insulin action and did not improve insulin resistance in obese or diabetic men.
Why this rating
Randomized controlled trial with rigorous controls (weight maintenance, washout period), though small sample size (n=26).
Source
Effect of exercise training on insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism in lean, obese, and diabetic men
K. R. Segal et al. · Journal of Applied Physiology · 1991
DOI 10.1152/jappl.1991.71.6.2402
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