Research
Mixed
Individuals with Medicare, dual-eligible insurance, lower education, older age, and male sex bear the highest annual diet-related CMD costs.
Targeted interventions for older adults, men, those with lower education, and those with public insurance (Medicare/dual-eligible) could yield significant cost savings. Focus on increasing nuts, seeds, and seafood omega-3s, and reducing processed meats, sodium, and SSBs.
GoodSupportsHIGH confidence
Individual costs are highest for men ($380), those aged ≥65 years ($408), blacks ($320), the less educated ($392), and those with Medicare ($481) or dual-eligible ($536) insurance coverage.
Why this rating
Based on validated model and meta-analyses, but limited by dietary recall accuracy.
Source
Cardiometabolic disease costs associated with suboptimal diet in the United States: A cost analysis based on a microsimulation model
Thiago Veiga Jardim et al. · PLoS Medicine · 2019
DOI 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002981
unknown · n=1000000Cited 126×
Read the paper DOI resolved against Crossref · corpus check 2026-06-10
More from this paper
- Suboptimal intake of specific dietary factors (nuts/seeds, seafood omega-3, processed meats, whole grains, vegetables, fruits, SSBs, sodium, red meat, polyunsaturated fats) accounts for 18.2% of total cardiometabolic disease costs in the US, totaling $50.4 billion annually.Good
- Low consumption of nuts/seeds and seafood omega-3 fats imposes the highest per capita cardiometabolic disease costs ($81 and $76 respectively), while high consumption of red meat and polyunsaturated fats imposes the lowest ($3 and $20 respectively).Good
Related findings · Mixed
- Bariatric surgery (VSG and RYGB) is the most effective and sustainable treatment for obesity, producing marked and sustained weight loss that non-surgical interventions cannot match.Strong
- Severely protein-deficient diets (2–3% energy) induce lean body mass loss and metabolic imbalance, whereas adequate protein intake (0.66 g/kg/d minimum) is a prerequisite for maintaining muscle, bone, and physiological function.Strong
- For patients with Class III obesity (BMI >39.9 kg/m2), metabolic bariatric surgery (MBS) is significantly more effective than any currently approved medication, with BilioPancreatic Diversion (BPD) showing the highest estimated weight loss.Strong
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