Mixed
Adherence to a dietary pattern high in chocolate, confectionery, butter, and low-fiber bread (and low in fruit/vegetables) is associated with a significantly increased risk of total and fatal cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality.
Avoid combining high-fat, low-fiber foods (like butter on white bread, chocolate, confectionery) in your daily diet. This specific combination is strongly linked to higher risks of heart disease and early death. Prioritize fresh fruits, vegetables, and high-fiber cereals instead. If you consume these items, ensure they are part of a broader diet rich in fiber and plant foods to mitigate risk.
There was a positive linear association between the dietary pattern and total CVD [hazard ratio (HR) per z-score 1.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04–1.09; HRtotal CVD 1.40, 95% CI 1.31–1.50, and HRall-cause mortality 1.37, 95% CI 1.27–1.47 in highest quintile].
Why this rating
Large prospective cohort (n=116,806), rigorous statistical methods (RRR, Cox models), and linkage to medical records, though observational design limits causal inference.
Source
Associations between dietary patterns and the incidence of total and fatal cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in 116,806 individuals from the UK Biobank: a prospective cohort study
Min Gao et al. · BMC Medicine · 2021
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