Energy balance

Short-term increases in energy intake and body weight observed in ultra-processed food (UPF) feeding trials are primarily mediated by higher energy density rather than the processing status itself, and these effects attenuate over time.

Do not demonize ultra-processed foods (UPF) based solely on their processing status. The observed weight gain in short-term studies is largely driven by high energy density, which tends to decrease as the body adapts. If you choose to eat UPF, ensure they are matched for energy density and nutrient quality with less processed options, as no inherent adverse effect on energy intake was found in controlled trials using conservative substitutions.