Research
Energy balance
High-quality meta-evidence supports the association between total UPF consumption and higher T2D risk.
Practitioners should consider the quality of evidence when advising on dietary choices related to UPF.
StrongSupportsmedium confidence
high-quality evidence supports this relationship.
Why this rating
Based on a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.
Source
Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Three Large Prospective U.S. Cohort Studies
Zhangling Chen et al. · Diabetes Care · 2023
DOI 10.2337/dc22-1993
Meta-analysisCited 215×
Read the paper DOI resolved against Crossref · corpus check 2026-06-10
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