Research
Mixed
Epigenetic modifications (DNA methylation) associated with obesity and diet are largely consequences of the phenotype or acute events rather than causal factors.
Do not pay for 'biological age' tests based on DNA methylation. These changes are often just markers of your current health status, not something you can easily 'fix' with a specific supplement or diet. Focus on proven healthy habits.
GoodRefutesHIGH confidence
Using causal inference methods like Mendelian randomization, the majority of these adiposity-associated changes in DNA methylation were found to be consequence rather than cause.
Why this rating
Based on EWAS and Mendelian randomization studies.
Source
Genetics and Epigenetics in Personalized Nutrition: Evidence, Expectations, and Experiences
Christina Holzapfel et al. · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · 2022
DOI 10.1002/mnfr.202200077
narrative_reviewCited 30×
Read the paper DOI resolved against Crossref · corpus check 2026-06-10
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