Mixed
The cardiovascular risk associated with high linoleic acid intake is significantly modified by oxidative stress factors, specifically smoking and alcohol consumption.
If you smoke or drink heavily, consuming high amounts of linoleic acid (from safflower oil) may be particularly dangerous for your heart. The risk is less clear if you do not smoke or drink. This suggests that lifestyle factors interact with fat intake.
The positive association between longitudinal increases in n-6 LA and unspecified PUFAs and cardiovascular mortality was significant among moderate or heavy drinkers and smokers, but not among non-drinkers and non-smokers.
Why this rating
Observational analysis within an RCT; likelihood ratio test significant but interaction p-values vary.
Source
Use of dietary linoleic acid for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease and death: evaluation of recovered data from the Sydney Diet Heart Study and updated meta-analysis
Christopher E. Ramsden et al. · BMJ · 2013
DOI 10.1136/bmj.e8707
More from this paper
- Selective substitution of omega-6 linoleic acid (LA) for saturated fat does not provide cardiovascular benefits and may increase mortality, whereas increasing omega-3 PUFAs alongside LA reduces cardiovascular mortality.Good
- Replacing saturated fats with omega-6 linoleic acid (LA) from safflower oil increases all-cause, cardiovascular, and coronary heart disease mortality in men with established coronary heart disease.Moderate
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