Research
Adherence
Psychological factors, specifically depression and hostility, are prevalent in the population and differ by gender, with women showing higher rates of depressive symptoms.
Screen for depression and stress, especially if you are female, as rates are significantly higher. Mental health impacts physical health outcomes and should be addressed alongside cardiovascular risk factors.
GoodSupportsHIGH confidence
19% of men and 38% of women had mild to severe depressive symptoms (p < 0.01).
Why this rating
Validated scales (Zung's SDS, HDHQ) used.
Source
Epidemiology of cardiovascular risk factors in Greece: aims, design and baseline characteristics of the ATTICA study
Christos Pitsavos et al. · BMC Public Health · 2003
DOI 10.1186/1471-2458-3-32
cross_sectional · n=3042Cited 347×
Read the paper DOI resolved against Crossref · corpus check 2026-06-10
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