Research
Mixed
Urinary nitrogen excretion is a more stable and practical independent marker for assessing habitual protein intake than dietary records, requiring fewer collections to achieve the same level of confidence.
For accurate assessment of habitual protein intake, consider using objective markers like urinary nitrogen, which are more stable and less variable than self-reported dietary records.
GoodSupportsHIGH confidence
Although fewer 24-hour urine collections may be needed urine collections are, in general, no more acceptable to respondents than 24-hour food records... Nevertheless they can provide, subject to appropriate checks, a practical and independent assessment, of protein, potassium and sodium intake.
Why this rating
The paper cites specific studies showing better correlations for urinary nitrogen compared to food frequency questionnaires.
Source
Dietary intake measurements
I. H. E. Rutishauser · Public Health Nutrition · 2005
DOI 10.1079/phn2005798
narrative_reviewCited 300×
Read the paper DOI resolved against Crossref · corpus check 2026-06-10
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