Research
Mixed
High consumption of commercial baked goods (muffins, doughnuts, croissants) is associated with an increased risk of depression, but the relationship is not linear.
Be mindful of your consumption of commercial baked goods like muffins, doughnuts, and croissants. While the risk is not linear, those who consume these items frequently (upper quintiles) have a higher risk of depression. Reducing intake of these specific items may help lower your risk.
GoodQualifiesHIGH confidence
No linear relationship was found between the consumption of commercial baked goods and depression. Participants belonging to consumption quintiles Q2–Q5 showed an increased risk of depression compared with those belonging to the lowest level of consumption (Q1; HR 5 1.38; 95 % CI 1.06, 1.80).
Why this rating
Prospective cohort with long follow-up, but self-reported diagnosis limits precision.
Source
Fast-food and commercial baked goods consumption and the risk of depression
Almudena Sánchez‐Villegas et al. · Public Health Nutrition · 2011
DOI 10.1017/s1368980011001856
cohort · n=8964Cited 273×
Read the paper DOI resolved against Crossref · corpus check 2026-06-10
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