Research
Hormonal
Specific inflammatory pathways (JNK, IKK/NF-κB, JAK/STAT) activated by macrophage-derived cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) directly impair insulin signaling by causing serine phosphorylation of IRS-1.
Understanding that inflammation directly blocks insulin action at the cellular level highlights why anti-inflammatory strategies (like weight loss) are effective for improving insulin sensitivity.
GoodSupportsHIGH confidence
JNK pathway is involved in impaired insulin signaling by causing the serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), which reduces the tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1, thereby reducing PI3K and AKT signaling [146,147].
Why this rating
Review paper summarizing molecular mechanisms supported by multiple studies.
Source
Macrophages, Chronic Inflammation, and Insulin Resistance
Li He et al. · Cells · 2022
DOI 10.3390/cells11193001
narrative_reviewCited 235×
Read the paper DOI resolved against Crossref · corpus check 2026-06-10
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