Research
Macro partitioning
Higher percentage of energy from protein or fat at breakfast is associated with a higher risk of major cardiovascular events, myocardial infarction, and stroke.
In this study, eating a breakfast where protein and fat make up a larger percentage of energy was linked to higher heart disease risk. This suggests that for Chinese adults, a breakfast higher in carbohydrates and lower in protein/fat may be more cardioprotective.
GoodRefutesHIGH confidence
Percentage energy from protein intake at breakfast was associated with a higher risk of major cardiovascular events (quintile 5 vs. quintile 1, HR 1.72 [95%CI 1.25–2.36]; ptrend = 0.0024)... Similarly, percentage energy from the fat intake at breakfast was positively associated with risks of major cardiovascular events (quintile 5 vs. quintile 1, HR 1.74 [95%CI 1.27–2.36]; ptrend = 0.0070).
Why this rating
Same cohort strength as N1; observational nature prevents causal claims.
Source
The association of energy and macronutrient intake at breakfast and cardiovascular disease in Chinese adults: From a 14-year follow-up cohort study
Xiaoan Du et al. · Frontiers in Nutrition · 2023
DOI 10.3389/fnut.2023.1093561
cohort · n=12937Cited 1×
Read the paper DOI resolved against Crossref · corpus check 2026-06-10
More from this paper
- Higher percentage of energy from carbohydrates at breakfast is associated with a significantly lower risk of major cardiovascular events and stroke in Chinese adults, particularly women.Good
- Moderate breakfast energy intake is associated with a reduced risk of major cardiovascular events and stroke, regardless of whether breakfast is skipped.Good
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