Energy balance
Bariatric/metabolic surgery (BMS) is the most effective strategy for significant and sustained body weight reduction (14-25%) and reduces the risk of hypertension, diabetes, and mortality, but remains underused.
For extreme obesity (BMI ≥ 40 or ≥ 35 with comorbidities), bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment, producing 14-25% weight loss and significantly reducing the risk of heart disease, diabetes, and death. Despite its effectiveness, it is underused. If lifestyle and medication fail, discuss surgery with your doctor as a viable, life-saving option.
BMS procedures produce a 14%–25% body weight reduction associated to a significant lower risk of hypertension, diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and mortality. However, BMS remains an underused tool, prescribed only to the 1%–2% of subjects who may benefit
Why this rating
Cites international guidelines and studies on mid- and long-term outcomes.
Source
Obesity and cardiovascular disease: An executive document on pathophysiological and clinical links promoted by the Italian Society of Cardiovascular Prevention (SIPREC)
Massimo Volpe et al. · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · 2023
DOI 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1136340
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