Browse the evidence

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) was the most common cause of death in South Asia, accounting for 35.5% of deaths.

Health policies should prioritize CVD prevention strategies in South Asia.

Rural areas had a higher incidence of CVD (5.41 per 1000 person-years) and a higher mortality rate (10.27 per 1000 person-years) compared to urban areas.

Targeted interventions in rural areas may be necessary to reduce CVD incidence and mortality.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, and respiratory diseases account for over two-thirds of deaths in South America.

Health interventions should focus on CVD, cancer, and respiratory diseases to reduce mortality.

A nomogram was established and validated for predicting the risk of type 2 diabetes in obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Clinicians can use this nomogram for risk stratification in obese NAFLD patients.

The nomogram was constructed using five independent predictors selected from 17 variables.

Understanding the predictors can help in tailoring prevention strategies.

The model demonstrated good predictive power as indicated by the AUC values at different time points.

The nomogram can be reliably used in clinical settings for risk assessment.

There are predisposing risk factors for type 2 diabetes that can be reviewed.

Understanding risk factors can help in tailoring prevention strategies.

Overall low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) scores were not associated with mortality in the whole population of the study.

Practitioners should note that overall LCD scores do not predict mortality risk in this population.

There are predisposing risk factors for type 2 diabetes that can be reviewed.

Understanding risk factors can help in tailoring prevention strategies for individuals.

Further studies, including clinical trials, are needed to investigate the effects of a low carbohydrate diet on type 2 diabetes.

There is a need for more rigorous research to clarify the impact of low carbohydrate diets on diabetes management.

By 2025, GLP-1RAs are anticipated to receive FDA approval for new indications including chronic kidney disease and heart failure.

Healthcare providers should stay informed about upcoming indications for GLP-1RAs to optimize treatment options.

Current evidence on the cardiovascular safety of tirzepatide is limited but suggestive.

Caution is advised when considering tirzepatide for patients with cardiovascular issues due to limited evidence.

Gastrointestinal adverse effects are the most common safety concern associated with incretin analogs.

Clinicians should monitor for gastrointestinal side effects when prescribing incretin analogs.

Weight loss may increase the risk for atherosclerosis among participants who were obese at baseline.

Weight loss in obese individuals should be approached with caution regarding atherosclerosis risk.

16.4% of participants were at high-risk for atherosclerosis as measured by cIMT.

A significant portion of the population studied is at high risk for atherosclerosis, indicating a need for preventive measures.

Aspiration therapy meets safety and effectiveness thresholds for incorporation into routine practice, but overall acceptance has been lower than other FDA-approved EBMTs.

Practitioners should be aware of the safety of aspiration therapy, but also its limited acceptance among patients.

The use of safe and effective weight-loss medications may influence referral patterns for MBS in the future.

Practitioners should consider the evolving landscape of obesity treatment when referring patients for MBS.

Conversional surgeries (e.g., RYGB, SADI-S, DS) are effective for managing post-bariatric recurrent weight gain (RWG) and diabetes recurrence, but carry higher risks of complications compared to primary surgery.

If you are gaining weight back after bariatric surgery and other treatments have failed, ask your doctor about conversional surgeries. These are more complex procedures that can effectively manage weight and diabetes, but they carry higher risks of complications. It is crucial to go to specialized centers with experienced surgeons and undergo strict postoperative surveillance.

In Type 2 Diabetes, Myocardial Infarction, Hypertension, and Sleep Apnea, elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) is primarily driven by adiposity rather than independent inflammatory pathology, as the association attenuates or reverses upon adjustment for BMI.

If you have high blood pressure, diabetes, or a history of heart issues, your high CRP (inflammation) is likely caused by your weight, not a separate inflammatory disease. Focus on weight loss through diet and lifestyle changes rather than seeking anti-inflammatory medications, as reducing adiposity directly reduces the inflammation.

Linoleic acid has a long half-life in the body (approximately two years), meaning that reducing intake takes years to significantly lower tissue levels.

Be patient when reducing seed oils. It can take up to six years to significantly replace body stores of linoleic acid with healthier fats.

Intermittent Energy Restriction (IER), including intermittent fasting and time-restricted eating, does not provide clear incremental benefit over Continuous Energy Restriction (CER) for weight loss or cardiometabolic health in humans.

Intermittent fasting or time-restricted eating is not superior to simply eating fewer calories every day for weight loss or heart health. If you prefer fasting, it may help you restrict calories, but it offers no extra metabolic benefit over consistent daily calorie control. Choose the approach that fits your lifestyle and allows you to maintain a healthy diet.

Intensive lifestyle interventions (diet and exercise) alone do not significantly reduce cardiovascular event risk in overweight/obese adults with type 2 diabetes compared to usual care, whereas weight loss achieved through metabolic surgery significantly reduces complications and mortality.

While healthy eating and exercise are important, they might not be enough to protect your heart if you have type 2 diabetes and are overweight. The Look AHEAD study showed that intensive lifestyle changes didn't lower heart attack or stroke risk compared to standard care. However, losing a significant amount of weight (10% or more) did help. For some, metabolic surgery offers the best chance to reduce complications and live longer. Talk to your doctor about combining lifestyle changes with medications or other treatments.

Housing mice at thermoneutrality (30°C) rather than standard room temperature (22°C) does not improve the prediction of human drug efficacy for weight loss, as the direction and magnitude of drug effects vary by mechanism regardless of temperature.

This paper is a methodological critique for preclinical researchers, not a direct guide for human behavior. It suggests that while standard mouse housing (22°C) creates thermal stress, simply moving to thermoneutrality (30°C) does not solve the translatability problem for obesity drugs. Researchers should test drugs at both temperatures to understand mechanism-specific responses, as efficacy can flip depending on the thermal environment.

GLP-1 receptor agonists (like semaglutide) and hFGF21 analogs produce similar weight loss efficacy in mice regardless of whether they are housed at standard room temperature (22°C) or thermoneutrality (30°C).

For GLP-1 and hFGF21 drugs, the mouse model's housing temperature is less critical for predicting efficacy magnitude than for other drug classes. These drugs work robustly in both cold-stressed and thermoneutral environments.